Analisis kimia masih tetap merupakan sumber informasi utama untuk komposisi serpih.
Silika merupakan material penyusun utama dari semua lempung dan serpih. Silika dapat hadir sebagai bagian dari kompleks mineral lempung, sebagai silikat detritus yang tidak terdekomposisi, dan sebagai silika bebas (baik dalam bentuk kuarsa detritus maupun silika hasil presipitasi biokimia seperti opal yang pembentukannya dipengaruhi oleh radiolaria, diatom, dan spikula. Alumina merupakan material penting yang menyusun kompleks mineral lempung dan sebagai suatu komponen dari silikat detritus yang tidak terlapukkan (terutama berupa felspar). Tingginya kadar alumina dalam serpih mengindikasikan bahwa kehadiran aluminium hidrat bebas (diaspore) atau bauksit. Besi dalam serpih muncul sebagai pigmen oksida, sebagai bagian dari zat kloritik, serta sebagai pirit, markasit, siderit, atau silikat besi. Kondisi oksidasi dari besi sangat mempengaruhi warna serpih (gambar 8-9). Magnesium muncul dalam kompleks klorit atau sebagai komponen dari dolomit. Kapur muncul dalam bentuk senyawa karbonat dan, oleh karena itu, akan terdapat dalam silikat yang tidak terlapukkan atau dalam bentuk gipsum. Sebagian alkali muncul dalam silikat detritus yang tidak terlapukkan (terutama felspar). Kalium diserap oleh mineral lempung yang ada dalam serpih dan merupakan material penyusun ilit atau mika lempung. Kalium juga dapat hadir dalam glaukonit. Unsur minor yang mungkin ada dalam serpih adalah titanium (misalnya dalam rutil), mangan, fosfor, dan material organik.
Penafsiran hasil-hasil analisis kimia serpih sukar untuk dilakukan karena, sebagaimana telah dikemukakan sebelumnya, komposisi kimia tergantung pada besar butir, kematangan sedimen, dan restorasi oleh proses-proses kimia atau biokimia yang dialami oleh berbagai unsur yang hilang akibat pelapukan selama berlangsungnya pembentukan tanah residu yang menjadi sumber dari serpih.
Efek besar butir terhadap komposisi kimia terlukis dengan jelas dari hasil pembandingan hasil analisis fraksi lanau dalam endapan musim panas dengan fraksi lempung dalam endapan musim dingin yang ada dalam warwa (lihat tabel 8-6A dan 8-6B). Pada kasus itu, kematangan dan sejarah pasca-pengendapan dari material tersbut identik sedemikian rupa sehingga perbedaan komposisi seluruhnya berkaitan dengan perbedaan besar butir. Sebagaimana yang dapat dilihat dari tabel-tabel tersebut, fraksi kasar lebih kaya akan silika, sedangkan fraksi halus lebih kaya akan alumina, besi, kalium, dan air. Perbedaan tersebut tidak diragukan lagi mencerminkan pengayaan kuarsa detritus dalam fraksi lanau dan pengayaan mineral lempung dalam fraksi halus.
Komposisi rata-rata dari serpih (tabel 8-7A) memiliki karakter yang berbeda dari komposisi lempung residu. Perbedaan itu sebagian dinisbahkan pada besar butir. Penelaahan terhadap hasil-hasil analisis yang dilakukan oleh Grout (tabel 8-4) pada sejumlah fraksi besar butir yang ada dalam lempung mengindikasikan bahwa serpih rata-rata mengandung dua bagian lanau dan satu bagian lempung. Campuran seperti itu akan memiliki komposisi yang mendekati komposisi rata-rata dari serpih. Miripnya komposisi kimia serpih rata-rata dengan komposisi lempung residu (tabel 8-8)
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